Nominal Stems
A) Regular (monomorphic) Stems
1.
Ending in vowels: hajó (ship), kávé
2.
Ending in consonants: ház, pad (bench),
hat
3.
Ending in H: düh (anger), sah (shah), cseh
(czech), juh (sheep)
B) Alternative (polymorphic) stems
NOTE! Alternation only
occurs when one of the following grammatical suffixes is added to the root:
-the plural
marker (-k)
-the object
(accusative) marker (-t)
-the
instrumental marker (-val/ -vel), only applies for rule 3
-the
possessive plural marker (-ai/-ei)
-derivational
suffices (-s/ -l)
1. Vowel loss (the last vowel in the
word is deleted when the suffix is added): köröm (nail), szerelem (love), selyem (silk)
Ex. köröm-körmök,
szerelem-szerelmet
b) Vowel loss
with consonant switch (the two consonants surroundig the final vowel, switch
places, while the vowel is dropped): kehely (cup), pehely (flake), teher (burden)
Ex. teher-
terhet, pehely- pelyhek
c) End-vowel
loss (the wirdfinal vowel is dropped): borjú
(veal), varjú (crow)
Ex. borjú-borjak,
varjú-varjak
2. Inner-vowel shortening (the
inner vowel is shortened, almost always occurs with monosyllabic words): kéz (hand), híd (bridge), kút
(fountain), tűz (fire), madár (bird)
Ex. kéz-
kezek, híd-hidat
3. Word-final vowel lengthening (the
final a becomes á and e becomes é): fa (tree), béke (peace), körte (pear)
Ex. fa-
fát, körte-körtét
4. V- alternation (the word has a varriant ending in v):
a) With vowel
shortening before v-variants: ló (horse),
kő (rock), fű (grass)
Ex. ló-
lovak, fű- füvet
b) With vowel change before
v-variants ó becomes a: hó
(snow), tó (lake), szó (word)
Ex. hó-
havat, tó- tavak
c) With vowel
loss before v-variants: falu (village), daru (crane), tetű (flee)
Ex. falu-
falvat, daru- darvak
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